Kungani I-China Manufacturing Ibusa Imboni Yefenisha Yomhlaba Wonke

Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, ukukhiqizwa kwe-China kuye kwaqhuma njengomthombo wefenisha ezimakethe emhlabeni wonke. Futhi lokhu akuyona okungenani e-USA. Kodwa-ke, phakathi kuka-1995 no-2005, ukuhlinzekwa kwemikhiqizo yefenisha evela e-China kuya e-USA kukhuphuke ngokuphindwe kashumi nantathu. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni izinkampani eziningi zase-US zikhethe ukuthuthela umkhiqizo wazo ezweni laseShayina. Ngakho-ke, yini ngempela ebangela umthelela woguquko weChina embonini yefenisha yomhlaba wonke?

I-Big Boom

Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1980 kanye nawo-1990, empeleni kwakuyiTaiwan eyayiwumthombo omkhulu wefenisha ethunyelwa e-USA. Eqinisweni, izinkampani zefenisha zaseTaiwan zithole ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile ekukhiqizeni ifenisha ehlangabezana nezidingo zabathengi base-US. Ngemuva kokuvuleka komnotho wezwe laseChina, osomabhizinisi baseTaiwan badlulela ngaphesheya. Lapho, bafunda ngokushesha ukusizakala ngezindleko eziphansi zokusebenza lapho. Baphinde bahlomula ekuzilawuleni okuqhathaniswayo kwabaphathi basekhaya ezifundazweni ezifana ne-Guangdong, abebemagange ukuheha abatshalizimali.

Ngenxa yalokho, nakuba kunezinkampani ezikhiqiza ifenisha ezilinganiselwa ku-50,000 eChina, ingxenye enkulu yemboni igxile esifundazweni saseGuangdong. I-Guangdong iseningizimu futhi itholakala eduze nomfula iPearl River delta. Ama-conglomerates akhiqiza ifenisha enamandla akhiwe emadolobheni amasha ezimboni afana ne-Shenzhen, Dongguan, ne-Guangzhou. Kulezi zindawo, kukhona ukufinyelela kubasebenzi abashibhile abakhulayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banokufinyelela kumanethiwekhi abahlinzeki kanye nokufakwa njalo kobuchwepheshe kanye nemali. Njengechweba elikhulu lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, iShenzhen futhi inamanyuvesi amabili ahlinzeka ngefenisha nabathweswe iziqu zokuklama ingaphakathi.

E-China Ukukhiqiza Ifenisha Yangokwezifiso Nemikhiqizo Yokhuni

Konke lokhu kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ukukhiqiza kwe-China kunikeza inani eliphoqelela kangaka ezinkampanini zefenisha zase-US. Imikhiqizo ihlanganisa izici zedizayini ezingakwazi ukuphindaphindwa ngendlela engabizi kakhulu ezitshalweni zase-US, futhi lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuqedwa okuyinkimbinkimbi okufunwa ngabathengi base-US, ngokuvamile okudinga okungenani izimbotshana eziyisishiyagalombili ezicacile, ezinamabala nezicwebezelayo. Ezokukhiqiza zase-China zinenqwaba yezinkampani zokumboza ezinolwazi olunzulu lwase-US, ezihlinzeka ngochwepheshe abangochwepheshe ukuze basebenze nabakhiqizi befenisha. Lezi ziphetho zivumela futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zezinkuni ezingabizi kakhulu.

Izinzuzo Zokonga Kwangempela

Kanye nekhwalithi yokuklama, izindleko zokukhiqiza zaseChina ziphansi. Izindleko zendawo yokwakha ngonyawo-skwele ngalunye zilinganiselwa ku-1/10 walawo ase-USA, amaholo ehora ngisho angaphansi kwalokho, futhi lezi zindleko eziphansi zomsebenzi zithethelela imishini elula yenhloso eyodwa, eshibhile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezindleko eziphansi kakhulu, njengoba izitshalo zase-China ezikhiqizayo kungadingeki zihlangabezane nemithetho eqinile yokuphepha nemvelo njengoba kwenza izitshalo zase-US.

Lokhu konga kokukhiqiza kungaphezu kokulinganisa izindleko zokuthunyelwa kwesitsha sefenisha ngaphesheya kwe-Pacific. Eqinisweni, izindleko zokuthumela isitsha sefenisha ukusuka e-Shenzhen ukuya ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-US zithengeka kakhulu. Icishe ifane naleyo yokuthutha inqola yefenisha isuka empumalanga iye ogwini olusentshonalanga. Lezi zindleko zokuthutha eziphansi zisho ukuthi kulula ukuthutha izingodo zokhuni oluqinile zaseNyakatho Melika kanye ne-veneer emuva e-China ukuze zisetshenziswe ekwenzeni ifenisha, kusetshenziswa iziqukathi ezingenalutho. Ukungalingani kwezohwebo kusho ukuthi izindleko zokubuyela e-Shenzhen ziyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezindleko zokuthutha ezisuka e-Shenzhen ziye e-USA.

Noma yimiphi imibuzo sicela ukhululeke ukuxhumana nami ngeAndrew@sinotxj.com